Blood plasma pdf

Development Plasma proteins, on the other hand, have distinct organs that produce them based on an individual's stage of development. In Embryo In the embryonic stage, the mesenchymal cells are responsible for plasma cell production. In Adults The reticuloendothelial cells of the liver are in charge of plasma protein synthesis in adults. Function As plasma forms the liquid base of blood, the functions carried out by plasma and blood overlap. The multitude of functions include: Coagulation : fibrinogen plays a major role in blood clotting along with other procoagulants like thrombin and factor X.

Maintenance of Osmotic Pressure : the colloidal osmotic pressure is maintained at around 25 mmHg by the plasma proteins like albumin synthesized by the liver. Nutrition : transportation of nutrients like glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins absorbed from the digestive tract to different parts of the body act as a source of fuel for growth and development.

Respiration : transportation of respiratory gases, i. Excretion : the blood removes nitrogenous waste products produced after cellular metabolism and transports them to the kidney, lungs, and skin for excretion. Hormones : hormones are released into the blood and transported to their target organs. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance : plasma proteins contribute to acid-base balance through their buffering action.

Regulation of Body Temperature : this is maintained by balancing heat loss and heat gain in the body. Role in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ESR : fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant, increases during acute inflammatory conditions and contributes to the increase in ESR, which is used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool.

Related Testing Water constitutes about two-thirds of the human body. Pathophysiology There are many disease processes associated with plasma: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTP : a type of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia that manifests as fever, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, and neurologic dysfunction.

All five criteria might not be present in all patients. In TTP, these large vWF multimers are not broken down and cause increased platelet adhesion and thrombosis. Labs will often show anemia, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes on peripheral smear, increased LDH, increased creatinine, and increased bleeding time with normal PT and PTT. Treatment most involves plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma, steroids, and splenectomy. Platelets should not be given since it causes more thrombosis.

Plasma exchange allows for a good prognosis in patients with TTP. Clotting disorders: Deficiency of specific clotting factors cause hemophilia. Symptoms involve hemarthrosis and intramuscular hematomas. Prophylactic transfusion of a factor VIII- or factor IX-concentrate is the main treatment for children with severe hemophilia; however, this leads over time to the formation of antibodies against these factors.

Von Willebrand disease: It is due to a deficiency or abnormal von Willebrand factor vWF , which is the most common bleeding disorder and is an autosomal dominant disorder. The main role of vWF is to allow for platelet-subendothelium interaction and platelet-to-platelet aggregation. Bleeding from mucocutaneous surfaces gingiva, menstrual bleeding, easy bruising are commonly seen.

Since factor VIII is only mildly reduced, symptoms such as intramuscular hematomas or hemarthrosis are rare. In terms of lab abnormalities, the platelet count is normal, and bleeding time is increased, prothrombin time PT is normal, activated partial thromboplastin time APTT may increase depending on the deficiency of Factor VIII. The VWF-ristocetin cofactor activity assay is used for diagnosis. The Von Willebrand ristocetin cofactor assay tests the ability of a plasma sample to agglutinate platelets in the presence of the Ristocetin.

The rate of ristocetin-induced agglutination is directly proportional to the amount and activity of the von Willebrand factor. Immunodeficiency: Antibodies or immunoglobulins play a critical role in the immune system to fight off infections. The deficiency of each of them can present with unique symptoms. Failure to produce any immunoglobulins occurs in X-linked agammaglobulinemia Bruton disease , which is due to the failure of pre-B cells to become mature B cells.

IgA deficiency is the major mucosal antibody that causes diarrhea and respiratory infections if it is deficient. Hyper IgM syndrome occurs when the inability of CD40 to interact with B cell causes IgM levels to remain high because of the inability to change into other antibody types.

Clinical Significance The numerous clinical uses of plasma can be best explained when considering the various forms and components of blood plasma: [9] Whole Plasma: Fresh frozen plasma is indicated in the treatment of massive bleeds resulting in shock, in disseminated intravascular coagulation, burns, and liver disease—the coagulants found in plasma aid in decreasing bleeding time and stabilizes the patient.

Fresh frozen plasma also plays an important role as an immediate and effective antidote for warfarin reversal. The first-line treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTP and hemolytic uremic syndrome HUS is plasma exchange with 40 mL of plasma per kg body weight. In neonates, plasma plays a role in the exchange transfusion of plasma of neonates with severe hemolysis or hyperbilirubinemia.

Plasma is also utilized in filling the oxygenator in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonates. Clotting factors: Clotting factors and von Willebrand factor vWF found in plasma play an essential role in blood clotting and are activated by damage to the endothelium resulting in exposure of collagen found beneath the endothelium of the blood vessel. People with blood clotting deficiencies such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease can suffer massive internal bleeds with a minor injury.

Such patients benefit greatly from plasma protein derivatives such as factor VIII concentrate and factor IX concentrate.

Certain immunological disorders like congenital or acquired primary immune deficiency occur when the body cannot produce antibodies or experience the adverse effects of cancer treatments that harm the antibodies. Both disorders benefit greatly from immunoglobulin infusions. Immunoglobulins also play a major role in passive immunization.

Antidotes to diseases such as chickenpox, rabies, hepatitis, and tetanus are the initial treatment after suspected exposure to limit disease progression. Such specific immunoglobulins are derived when patients who have been previously affected by a disease donate plasma, for example, chickenpox.

This plasma contains high amounts of circulating antibodies against chickenpox that can be collected and stored after fractionation for use as post-exposure vaccines for varicella. Albumin: Albumin is the main protein that controls oncotic pressure and serves as the transporter of multiple endogenous and exogenous substances e.

Infusion of albumin is used in the treatment of burns and hemorrhagic shock. Studies have also shown marked improvement in the prognosis of cirrhotic patients. Alpha-1 antitrypsin: Alpha-1 antitrypsin is produced in the liver and plays an important role in the lungs by increasing proteases which counteract the effect of elastases produced by the neutrophils in response to inflammation such as smoking.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disorder that could result in emphysema and cirrhosis in early adulthood. Recent advances in treatment have shown success in decreasing the mortality and frequency of exacerbations when human plasma-derived alpha-1 antitrypsin is given intravenously once a week.

Plasma as a laboratory test: Plasma testing can diagnose and confirm diseases like diabetes based on serum glucose levels or von Willebrand disease. Monitoring of international normalized ratio INR in patients on anticoagulants requires serial measurements of plasma prothrombin levels.

Plasmapheresis: Plasmapheresis is an effective temporary treatment in many autoimmune diseases. The following are common conditions where plasmapheresis is utilized:. Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. References 1.

Burnouf T. Modern plasma fractionation. Transfus Med Rev. Plasma components: properties, differences, and uses. Peters T. Intracellular precursor forms of plasma proteins: their functions and possible occurrence in plasma. Clin Chem. Physiology, Water Balance. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. Limitations of the ristocetin cofactor assay in measurement of von Willebrand factor function. J Thromb Haemost. Antibody Deficiency Disorder.

Recommendations for the use of therapeutic plasma. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. Albumin infusion improves renal blood flow autoregulation in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Liver Int. Albumin: pathophysiologic basis of its role in the treatment of cirrhosis and its complications. Albumin infusion improves outcomes of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. What is Scribd?

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Explore Documents. Blood Components. Document Information click to expand document information Original Title blood-components. Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content.

Download now. Save Save blood-components. Original Title: blood-components. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Mudassar Ali Roomi. Lecture on Anemias and polycythemias by Dr. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Blood Components American Red Cross, Mid-Americaversion Oct MA There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood, and for every red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

Patients who need: cancer patients, organ transplant trauma or surgery patients trauma or surgery patients burn patients, bleeding disorders patients, surgical patients Shelf life: 42 days 42 days 5 days 1 year frozen Estimated donation time: 1 hour 15 minutes 1 hour 25 minutes 1 - 2 hours 1 hour 15 minutes How often can you donate: every 56 days, automated double red cells: every we recommend every 2 - 4 weeks, every 28 days, up to 6 times per year days, 3 times per year up to 24 times per year up to 13 times per year Call 1.

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